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Top-level
 the next problem was to *modulate* the signal with morse code. for that, Alexanderson used another saturation coil (mag amp). this one *detunes* the giant transformer that collects the current from all the pole windings and matches the impedance to the antenna array. turning off the key causes the frequency to shift enough to reduce the output power by over 90%. 19 comments
 @tubetime I thought even at 100 kW, you start getting spooky effects like nearby metal fences having an appreciable voltage :D! @cr1901 @tubetime I remember back in the late 80s my Telecom Australia apprentice intake went to this AM broadcasting station and antenna https://maps.app.goo.gl/EM6Luyo98ve2NUeB9 (the frequency was quite a bit below standard AM broadcast, typically around 15-20KHz.) incredibly, there is still an *operational* Alexanderson transmitter! it is called SAQ Grimeton and they fire it up twice a year. there are so many cool details to this technology i had to leave out. but watch this video. you'll see amazing things like high voltage relays quenched with compressed air, water cooled load resistors, synchronous motors, and really scary 400V switches. the facility also has an informative website: https://grimeton.org/ and if you can't make it out to Sweden, there are virtual tours available: https://alexander.n.se/en/virtual-visit-to-saq-grimeton/ for further reading, here's a useful paper. https://www.navy-radio.com/xmtrs/vlf/alexanderson-mayes-1975.pdf  @tubetime OMG it runs off 2-phase because it's from a very particular time and place in the US. @tubetime OMG the air-quenched relays are scary, and they're just right out there. @tubetime Thanks for posting this; on my list for my next visit to Scandinavia. @tubetime apparently someone made a modern receiver out of relatively equivalent-level technology http://www.wireless.org.uk/mechrx.htm  @tubetime There are 400 kW AM transmitters now that are completely solid-state, no tubes even. https://www.nautel.com/content/user_files/2020/01/NX400-spec-sheet.pdf @tubetime (and those 500 kW AM stations only operated on an experimental basis; none were ever licensed for commercial broadcasting, because small radio operators had powerful friends in Congress and they worried that they would lose their audience and network contracts if the networks could cover the entire country with just the six stations they owned) @tubetime And when Fessenden broadcast voice in 1906, he just wired a carbon microphone in series with the antenna.  @tubetime Does that mean it accidentally uses frequency-shift keying? |
Gregory's Server
the resulting transmit power was 200 kilowatts! even by modern standards this is very high power. in the United States, the most powerful AM stations were only a bit more than twice as powerful.