Email or username:

Password:

Forgot your password?
Top-level
OpenCage 👉🌍

3/ Now for a quick crash course in linguistics:

There are many branches, but for today, it’ll be helpful to understand the following in a bit more detail:

• Dialectology - the study of subsets of language (dialects) ex: Scouse English, Bavarian German

• Phonetics - the study of sounds of speech - cat vs chat, ik vs ich

• Sociolinguistics - the study of how social factors (i.e. age, class) impact speech

These, of course, are not official definitions of these terms!

Chart showing the various subdisciplines of linguistics
Map of the historic Benrather line, an example of an Isogloss - the geographic boundary of a linguistic feature
14 comments
OpenCage 👉🌍

Each of the maps in a linguistic atlas will explore the distribution of a different variant (a sound, a word, a phrase) using a sequence of points on a map

An isogloss is like a variant boundary. It’s a line drawn on the map to show where a linguistic variant is found.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isogloss

When several of these lines intersect, you can consider it a dialect boundary. I.e. all these features together are what give you a specific dialect like , for example.

#geoweirdness

Map of American English dialects in the 48 states (excludes Alaska, Hawaii)
OpenCage 👉🌍

5/ Time for some history.

There have been thematic maps since at least 350 BC, but many linguists agree the first significant linguistic map was Gottfried Hensel’s famous 1741 map showing linguistic variation across Europe in the Lord’s Prayer.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synopsis

#geoweirdness

The four mappae geographico-polyglottae give the beginning of the pater noster in various languages and scripts.
OpenCage 👉🌍

6/ Fast forward a century or two, and the atlas experiences its golden age.

The first explicitly named linguistic atlas was Julius Klabroth’s 1823 “Asia Polyglotta: Sprachatlas”, followed by Adriano Balbi’s 1826 “Atlas ethnographique du Globe”.

These atlases differ from modern ones because the data collected is mostly in comparative tables. The table below illustrates this point well, whilst the map magnificently shows isoglosses.

Map of Asian languages in "Asia Polyglotta: Sprachatlas"
Table comparing vocabulary in the languages of the Caucasus
Asia Polyglotta: Sprachatlas title page
OpenCage 👉🌍

7/ The end of the 19th century saw the emergence of the two godfathers of language cartography, Georg Wenker, of Germany, and Jules Gilliéron, of Switzerland.

They were the first to place maps at the absolute front and centre of their atlases, and developed many of the key design and data collection principles used today.

Wenker's "Sprachatlas" lives on today in digital form at the University of Marburg: uni-marburg.de/en/fb09/dsa/pro

#geoweirdness

example map from Georg Wenker's Sprachatlas
Website of the Digital Wenker Atlas
OpenCage 👉🌍

8/ Broadly speaking, Wenker is famous for using "indirect data collection" techniques.

His first major work involved sending a questionnaire of 40 standardised sentences to school by mail. It was translated into dialects by pupils or teachers in about 40,000 locations in Germany, and the collected data on variants was plotted by hand onto over 1,500 maps.

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche

#geoweirdness

Example map produced by Wenker
The "Wenkersätze" - sentences Wenker sent to schools to "translate" into local dialect.
OpenCage 👉🌍

9/ By contrast, Gilliéron is known for direct data collection.

In his first publication, Petit Atlas Phonétique du Valais Roman (Sud du Rhone), 1880, Gilliéron gathered necessary data by hiking through the southern Rhone valley, manually transcribing phonetic differences between small villages in the region. This data was then plotted onto a series of maps.

#geoweirdness

example map from the Petit Atlas Phonétique du Valais Roman (Sud du Rhone)
OpenCage 👉🌍

10/ Gilliéron most famous project is the Atlas linguistique de la France (ALF), which was first published in 1902.

He employed a field worker, Edmont, to travel to 638 locations in France to transcribe data and produce 1,900 maps.

It was also the first atlas to layer in sociolinguistic data, such as on age i.e. “chez les jeunes” (among young people).

This work is also now online: lig-tdcge.imag.fr/cartodialect

#geoweirdness

Atlas Linguistique de la France
OpenCage 👉🌍

11/ Inclusion of critical sociolinguistic variation such as ethnicity, gender and level of education became commonplace in atlas projects of the early 20th century, with notable works including the Linguistic Atlas of New England (LANE). This was one of the first attempts to map speech in the US 🇺🇸.

Once again, the results, along with all the annotated notes, have been digitalised here: linguisticatlasproject.org/LAN

#geoweirdness

data collection for the Linguistic Atlas of New England (LANE)
OpenCage 👉🌍 replied to OpenCage

12/ The next major development in linguistic atlases was the introduction of computers to streamline and improve the data collection and cartographic processes.

Early successful examples of this include the Computer Developed Linguistic Atlas of England (CLAE, Viereck and Ramisch).

Below you can see some of the code used to map the linguistic item “anvil” and its variants, and what this looks like on a modernised, more detailed map.

#geoweirdness

Computer Developed Linguistic Atlas of England for the word "anvil"
Data for the word "anvil"
OpenCage 👉🌍 replied to OpenCage

13/ Most new research/effort is focused on digitalising existing databases to preserve them and enhance accessibility, but some cutting-edge work is also being done to improve on this work using more modern GIS, geospatial analysis, and cartographic methodology.

Take the *Atlas linguistique de la France* The data points on the map are each labelled with Investigation points, which can then be remapped onto modern maps using coordinates to produce more accurate final projects.

#geoweirdness

OpenCage 👉🌍 replied to OpenCage

14/ Before we call it a day, we’ll leave you with two more interesting cases of linguistic cartography that will have you scrolling for hours.

The first project is an interactive sound atlas of France 🇫🇷 which plays recordings of Aesop’s fable “The North Wind and the Sun” in 140 varieties of regional French language.

This fable is famously the standard linguists use for comparative and transcription projects. Enjoy!
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nort
atlas.limsi.fr/articles/

#geoweirdness

14/ Before we call it a day, we’ll leave you with two more interesting cases of linguistic cartography that will have you scrolling for hours.

The first project is an interactive sound atlas of France 🇫🇷 which plays recordings of Aesop’s fable “The North Wind and the Sun” in 140 varieties of regional French language.

OpenCage 👉🌍 replied to OpenCage

15/ For our 🇺🇸 American and 🇨🇦 Canadian friends - you will enjoy the amazingly detailed North American English Dialects map

aschmann.net/AmEng/

#geoweirdness

North American English Dialects
OpenCage 👉🌍 replied to OpenCage

16/ And finally, because big is brilliant, let’s end this thread on the World Atlas of Language Structures.

An incredible study of over 160 maps showing the geographic distribution of structural linguistic features such as word order, number of genders and more.

You can see the complete list of linguistic items here and find the maps in the links. wals.info/chapter

We’ll leave you with a screenshot of one of the maps:

#geoweirdness

Screenshot from the World Atlas of Language Structures
OpenCage 👉🌍 replied to OpenCage

17/ So there you have it, linguistic atlases! Pretty fascinating, don’t you think? Be honest… how long did you spend listening to that fable and browsing the maps?

Thank you very much for reading (and sharing)!

We have more threads on #geoweirdness in specific regions and on other topics available over on our blog:

blog.opencagedata.com/geothrea

screenshot of the OpenCage blog page where we list all of our geothreads
Go Up