Silicon-on-sapphire got its start in 1963. Instead of starting with a silicon wafer, silicon circuits are built on top of a synthetic sapphire base. The sapphire provides insulation between the transistors, improving performance and making the chip resistant to radiation. 2/9
HP made a lot of silicon-on-sapphire chips: processors, calculators, and this PHI interface chip. First was the MCΒ² 16-bit processor. This cover photo from HP Journal shows the transparency of that chip. 3/9