@AlgorithmWolf - In 2021 "The EU has fined Volkswagen and BMW €875m (£750m) after finding that the German carmakers colluded with another rival, the Mercedes-Benz owner Daimler, to delay emissions-cleaning technology."

My point is the US fined VW for emissions cheating, the EU did not. This EU fine (I don't know if they actually paid it) was for something different.

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jul/08/eu-fines-vw-and-bmw-750m-for-colluding-with-daimler-on-fumes

The EU "asked", "urged", and "strongly encouraged" VW:

https://commission.europa.eu/live-work-travel-eu/consumer-rights-and-complaints/enforcement-consumer-protection/coordinated-actions/dieselgate_en