This diagram shows the main functional blocks of the 8086. The address/data pins are along the edges. The address adder is in the upper left. Address and data values move across the various buses. Complicated bus control logic handles the memory accesses.
To support the different types of address pins, four different circuits were required, more than I'd expect. The 8086 is full of special cases: The top 4 address pins also provide status, but one pin constantly updates while the others don't. The bottom 4 pins use an extra latch.