Around the edges of the chip, bond wires connect the chip to the external pins. Special I/O cells allow the pins to be used as inputs or outputs. These cells are much larger than the regular cells to provide the high currents necessary to communicate with the outside world.
This Ethernet chip worked with another Fujitsu chip, the 8502A that did the low-level signal handling for Ethernet. I wrote about that chip in an earlier thread:
https://oldbytes.space/@kenshirriff/110209305209920677
Thanks to Robert Garner for providing the chips.