Gregory's ServerLater chips use a faster algorithm called SRT. It uses a table to estimate quotient bits two or four at a time. Intel's Pentium chip (1993) missed a few table entries so it occasionally got the answer wrong, the famous FDIV bug. Replacing the bad chips cost Intel $475 million.
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 This 8086 die photo shows the main functional blocks. The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) performs the subtractions and shifts. Microcode is in the ROM at the right. I removed the metal and polysilicon layers for this image so you can see the silicon transistors underneath.  @kenshirriff $475 million is either a firing offence, or a very expensive way to learn to be careful. |
Division on the 8086 was very very slow, up to 184 clock cycles due to all the looping. Modern Intel processors are much faster, but division is still slow compared to addition or multiplication. While you can now multiply every clock cycle, divisions need 6-10 clock cycles.