@LukeBornheimer if I'm reading the study right, this was observed in a high traffic middle of the city shopping-strip that has a lot of small shops catering to working-middle class demographics. Even then, the actual expenditure per car occupant vs bike is much higher for the car riders, it only becomes an overwhelming advantage for the bikes in numbers. I'd imagine for an outer suburb with fewer people per sqm, or, higher end goods shops the figures might be quite different.