7/ In 1884 an international convention met in Washington DC πΊπΈ, and the Greenwich meridian, passing through the Greenwich Observatory, was agreed to be the 0 line of longitude, the so-called "Prime Meridian"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_meridian
The line was also used as the basis for timezone definition, hence the term "Greenwich Mean Time"
8/ Not much later Charles Booth meticulously surveyed the demographics of London to create his famous "Life and Labour of the People in London", the first example of a "poverty map" showing the spatial distribution of poverty and inequality in the city.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_and_Labour_of_the_People_in_London